Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to identify how spinal decompression therapy and general traction therapy influence the pain, disability, and straight leg raise (SLR) ability of patients with intervertebral disc herniation. [Subjects] The subjects were 30 patients with chronic lumbar pain who were divided into a spinal decompression therapy group (SDTG, n=15), and a general traction therapy group (GTTG, n=15). [Methods] The SDTG used a spinal decompression device, and the GTTG used a lumbar traction device. Both groups received conservative physical therapy three times a week for four weeks. A visual analog scale (VAS) was used to measure the degree of pain the patients with chronic lumbar pain. The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) was used to measure the degree of functional disability. A goniometer was used to measure the patients’ SLR ability. [Results] Both SDTG and GTTG showed statistically significant decreases in VAS and ODI scores and a statistically significant increase in SLR angle. A comparison of the two groups found no statistically significant differences. [Conclusion] Spinal decompression therapy and general traction therapy are effective at improving the pain, disability, and SLR of patients with intervertebral disc herniation. Thus, selective treatment may be required.
Key words: Spinal decompression therapy, Pain, Straight leg raise
INTRODUCTION
Eighty percent of adults experience lumbar pain at least once in their lifetime, and 80% of structures causing lumbar pain are related to intervertebral discs1. Disc herniation is multifactorial, often related to degenerative processes and mechanical effects, and mostly occurs due to light external injuries of the spine, such as spinal bending and stretching, spinal rotation exercises, and abrupt posture changes2. Both surgical and conservative treatment methods are considered for intervertebral disc herniation. Conservative treatments include medication, exercise therapy, and physical and rehabilitation methods. Among them, one of the most widely used methods is traction therapy. Traction therapy reduces the pressure caused by gravity and soft tissues, and sufficient tension extends spinal separation and the intervertebral disc. Negative pressure within the intervertebral disc increases its hydration and reduces pressure on the nerve root by removing the force applied to the vertebral pulp3.
Spinal decompression therapy is another method that has recently been used as a conservative treatment for intervertebral disc herniation. Spinal decompression therapy reduces the pressure on the intervertebral disc by suppling nutrients and oxygen to the intervertebral disc. This creates a state of non-gravitation or negative pressure by adjusting the direction and angle of traction to suit the location of the intervertebral disc, which is the target of the treatment. This in turn reduces the pressure inside the intervertebral disc by gradually and softly increasing a specific part of the intervertebral disc through the decompression of a precise part of the lesion4.
Although studies of various treatment methods for intervertebral disc herniation have been conducted, comparisons of spinal decompression therapy and general traction therapy remain inadequate. This study aimed to identify how spinal decompression therapy and general traction therapy, which are non-surgical treatment methods, influence the pain, disability, and straight leg raise (SLR) ability of patients with intervertebral disc herniation.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
The subjects of this study were 30 patients (male: 9, female: 21) who complained of radiating pain caused by chronic lumbar pain. The subjects had suffered from continuous lumbar pain, as diagnosed by an orthopedic specialist, for over three months, and were selected from among patients who visited S Hospital, located in Daegu Metropolitan City, Korea. On average, the spinal decompression therapy group (SDTG, n=15) was 41.3±7.3 years of age, 162.3±8.9 cm in height, and 58.3±12.2 kg in weight, and the general traction therapy group (GTTG, n=15) was 44.0±4.1 years of age, 162.7±8.4 cm in height, and 59.1±11.3 kg in weight. No statistically significant differences were found in their general characteristics. Ethical approval for the study was granted by the Youngdong University Institutional Review Board. All subjects read and signed consent forms in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Those who had undergone an operation on a lumbar vertebra, had spinal tumors or infections in the intervertebral disc, inflammatory diseases such as rheumatism, fractures, or other contraindications for manual therapy, were excluded from the study.
All subjects were treated three times each week for four weeks. The SDTG were treated with a spinal decompression therapy device (MID 4 M Series, WIZ Medical, Korea) for 20 minutes each time. The GTTG were treated with a lumbar traction therapy device (OL 110, Dong Bang Medical, Japan) for 20 minutes each time. Hot packs (20 minutes), interferential current therapy (15 minutes), and ultrasound (5 minutes) were used to treat both groups during the conservative physical therapy.
Each subject of the SDTG, which received the spinal decompression therapy, lay on his/her back on the device’s bed and had the pelvic and thoracic regions fixed with an air belt. The slipping of the fixed parts was prevented by fixing the patient’s head with a strap. The region of the cervical vertebrae was stretched by applying the robotic jog system, and a sacrum treatment device that supports the sacrum was used to maintain lumbar lordosis. Traction started with a strength level of 5 to 6; the power level was increased by a certain ratio during each phase. When pain occurred due to an increase in traction, the existing power level of traction was lowered or maintained. The ratio of the hold time to the rest time was set at 2:1, and standard and divided compression methods were used simultaneously. Each subject of the GTTG, which received lumbar traction therapy, lay on his/her back on a traction table and had a knee support placed under each knee. Traction was first applied at one third of the subject’s weight. Then, the traction was increased after each treatment, up to 50% of the subject’s weight. When an increase in traction caused pain, the existing traction was lowered or maintained.
A visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to evaluate the degree of pain. The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) was employed to evaluate the degree of disability. Nine questions were scored from 0 to 5 according to functional performance with higher scores indicating higher degrees of disability. Percentage (%) values were obtained by adding the score measured from each item and dividing the sum of all items by the maximum score of 45 points. A SLR test was performed to determine whether the nerves under pressure due to intervertebral disc herniation had tension5. For the SLR test, each patient lay on his/her back and relaxed by stretching both legs. While slowly raising the subject’s straight leg on the affected side, the tester used a goniometer to measure the angle when lumbar pain or radiating pain in the legs occurred.
The paired t-test was conducted to compare values before and after the treatment within each group to identify the pain, disability, and SLR of patients with chronic lumbar pain. The independent t-test was performed to compare differences between the two groups. This study performed statistical analyses using SPSS 12.0 for Windows, and the level of statistical significance was chosen as α=0.05
RESULTS
The SDTG and GTTG showed statistically significant declines in the VAS and the ODI scores (p<0.05), and a statistically significant increase in the angle of SLR (p<0.05). On the other hand, the comparison of the two groups found no statistically significant differences (p>0.05).
Table 1. Comparison of the VAS, ODI and SLR within each group
| Group | Pre | Post | |
|---|---|---|---|
| VAS (point) | SDTG** | 6.2±1.7 | 4.3±1.5 |
| VAS (point) | GTTG** | 5.7±1.4 | 4.6±1.5 |
| ODI (%) | SDTG** | 30.1±15.1 | 20.3±14.1 |
| ODI (%) | GTTG** | 30.3±12.0 | 22.3±10.9 |
| SLR (degree) | SDTG** | 53.3±15.2 | 65.7±15.3 |
| SLR (degree) | GTTG** | 52.0±13.0 | 61.3±14.7 |
** p<0.05
DISCUSSION
This study aimed to identify how spinal decompression therapy and general traction therapy influence pain, disability, and SLR ability in patients with intervertebral disc herniation. Intervertebral disc herniation causes lumbar pain and radiating pain due to the mechanical effects and inflammation caused by the compression of the nerve root and various surrounding tissues6. Mechanical stress and increased intradiscal pressure are the main causes of intervertebral disc herniation7. The conservative treatment of traction therapy reduces intradiscal pressure and pain through traction8. This study found that the pain of patients with intervertebral disc herniation was significantly reduced, and that their functional disability and SLR ability were improved through spinal decompression therapy and general traction therapy.
Spinal decompression therapy enhances the regeneration of the disc by reducing the intradiscal pressure to -100 to -150 mmHg and causing the herniated part of the disc to regress9. The higher reduction rate of the VAS in the spinal decompression therapy group compared with the lumbar traction therapy group is attributed to spinal decompression therapy’s ability to cause greater negative intradiscal pressure compared with traction therapy. Furthermore, it is assumed that the ratio of the hold and rest times for spinal decompression therapy and traction therapy plays an important role in the reduction of intradiscal pressure. In addition, by supplying oxygen and nutrients to the intervertebral disc, spinal decompression therapy, which shows a high regeneration effect for damaged discs, might have contributed to the improvement in the VAS10.
Although this study failed to identify statistically significant differences between the spinal decompression therapy group and the lumbar traction therapy group, it found that both spinal decompression therapy and general traction therapy could reduce pain and disability in patients with intervertebral disc herniation. Therefore, patients with intervertebral disc herniation may be able to choose an appropriate treatment according to their clinical symptoms and preferences. Future studies should investigate the efficacy of these treatments for longer durations and include larger sample sizes.
Acknowledgment
This study was conducted with the support of Youngdong University, Korea.
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